Sound motion picture processing and projection system

ABSTRACT

A sound motion picture production and sound editing system comprising a film cassette containing a strip of photosensitive film having a sound track thereon, a supply of processing composition and a processor programmed to apply the processing composition to the film upon manipulation of the film in the cassette; a film drive projection and sound reproducing system adapted to receive the cassette, and containing cyclic drive means responsive to the insertion of a cassette and to a signal produced by the cassette indicating whether or not the film has been processed for manipulating the film, to cause processing if the film has not been processed, and then to project it while reproducing sound recorded on the film; or simply to project the film, while reproducing the sound recorded on it, if it has been processed, in which a sound array comprising a recording and reproducing transducer and a film drive capstan are engaged with the film during projection, to permit recording on, or playback from the sound track.

Scholz SOUND MOTION PICTURE PROCESSING AND PROJECTION SYSTEM Primary Examiner-Samuel S. Matthews Assistant Examiner-Alan Mathews [75] Inventor: Donald T. Scholz, Watertown, Mass. Attorney Agent, or Firm Jhn w. Ericson [73} Assignee: Polaroid Corporation, Cambridge,

M [57] ABSTRACT [22] Filed: June 28, 1973 A sound motion picture production and sound editing system comprising a film cassette containing a strip of [2]] 374639 photosensitive film having a sound track thereon, a

supply of processing composition and a processor pro- 52 us. (:1. 352/29; 352/72; 352/130 grammed to pp y the Processing composition to the [51] Int. Cl. G031) 31/02 film p manipulation of the fi in the cassette; a [58] Field of Search 352/27, 29, 72, 78; film drive Projection and Sound reproducing system 274/4 E; i79/100.2 2 adapted to receive the cassette, and containing cyclic driye means responsive to the insertion of a cassette [56] References Ci d and to a signal produced by the cassette indicating UNITED STATES PATENTS whether or not the film has been processed for manip- 3 176 310 3/1965 t 352/72 x ulating the film, to cause processing if the film has not 3244469 4/1966 352/14 been processed, and then to project it while reproduc 3:300:270 1/1967 Finnerty II .1 2211352778 R x mg Sound ecmded the or simply Pmjec 3,375,055 3/1968 Hughes....... 352 72 the While reprodming the Sound recorded on it, 3,402,982 9 19 Lemelsonw 52 7 X if it has been processed, in which a sound array com- 3,442,580 5/1969 Winkler 352/29 prising a recording and reproducing transducer and 21 3,635,423 1/1972 Lennie..... 274/4 E X film drive capstan are engaged with the film during 0 9/1972 Tadie 352/72 X projection, to permit recording on, or playback from 3,771,861 11/1973 Land 352/72 X the sound track. 3,778,137 l2/l973 Castellano 1, 352/72 ,787,114 1/1974 Catalano 1. 352/72 x 6 Claims, 19 Drawing Figures 43 95 92 53 65 (/Z c 94 88, 58 /00 [a 53 77 77 s5 O I 17 l 2 53 62 52 76 7a 142 45 59 5 5" as m 268 2 I55 MTE-WTITJUL s 1975 893 ,7555 saw 1 M F/G 2 CD050 JOKPZOU mOFOE ZEImnZO SHEET mm. QMNL mml moBwGQ 20.52

l Illllli 1 SOUND MOTION PICTURE PROCESSING AND PROJECTION SYSTEM This invention relates to sound cinematography, and particularly to a novel system for processing, producing and editing sound motion pictures.

A photographic system for processing and projecting motion pictures is disclosed in US. application Ser. No. 227,080, filed on Feb, 17, 1972, now abandoned, by Edwin H. Land for Photographic System for Processing and Projecting Transparencies. and assigned the assignee of this application. The primary object of this invention is to extend the capabilities of that system to permit the recording, reproduction and editing of a sound track on the film whereby a sound motion picture can be produced.

The system disclosed in the above-cited application Ser. No. 227,080 comprises, as the key element, a replaceable film cassette. The cassette contains a strip of film, a supply of processing composition for the film, and an internally programmed processor responsive to manipulation of the film in the cassette for applying the processing composition to the film after its exposure. The cassette is adapted to be inserted in a camera, for exposure of the film. After exposure, it is inserted into a film drive and projection system. This system comprises a receptacle shaped to receive the cassette, and cyclic drive apparatus for manipulating the film in the cassette. The film is manipulated in a sequence determined by a signal provided by the cassette that indicates whether or not the film has been processed.

In response to the insertion of a cassette containing unprocessed film, the film drive and projection apparatus manipulates the film in the cassette in a lighttight environment. That movement of the film activates the processor, developing the film to produce a series of fixed, visible, projectible images. Thereafter, the apparatus manipulates the film in an optical system, causing it to be projected for viewing. The film is then rewound, for storage and subsequent reuse. Finally, the cassette is ejected. In response to the insertion of a cassette containing processed film, the system simply projects the film, rewinds it, and then ejects the cassette.

There are a number of problems inherent in adding sound capabilities to a motion picture system of the type described in the above-cited application Ser. No. 227,080. One of these is that the apparatus is designed to handle the cassette and the film in it as a unit, without requiring a length of film to be taken out of the cassette and threaded through a projection system. In order to insure good sound quality without wow and flutter, it is necessary to move the recording medium smoothly relative to the sound transducer at a constant speed. On the other hand, conventional projection ap paratus involves incremental motion of the film at the film gate for projection purposes, the film being stopped as each frame is projected and then rapidly advanced to the next frame. In order to accomodate these different motions, a film loop is conventionally provided between the sound station and the projection station to allow the film to have different speeds at different locations while maintaining the same overall average speed. Establishing the necessary drive connections to the film for this purpose is preferably accomplished automatically, but should not be allowed to interfere with the processing of the film before it is projected. Also, it would be desirable to remove a loop, formed for the purposes of film transport during sound recording or reproduction and projection, before the cassette is removed from the apparatus. The particular objects of my invention are to facilitate the engagement of a sound drive capstan and film advance pawl with the film in a cassette of the self-processing type, without interfering with the self-processing function, and to facilitate disengagement of the sound and film advance pawl, when appropriate, while automatically removing the motion isolating loop in the film so that the cassette can be ejected from the apparatus with the film fully enclosed in it.

Briefly, the above and other objects of the invention are attained by the construction of a novel sound motion picture production and editing system which comprises a console provided with a viewing screen. a loud speaker, and a receptacle shaped to receive a cassette containing film and a processing unit for the film. On the film is recorded a sound track, preferably of magnetic material, and most preferably along one edge of the film on a raised rail of greater thickness than the re gion of the film on which the optical images are recorded When a cassette is received in the console, sensing means in the console determine whether or not the film has been processed, and proceeds accordingly in one of two predetermined cycles. If the film is unprocessed, in that it has been exposed to produce latent optical images but not yet developed, it is carried through a processing cycle in which a container of processing composition inside the processing unit is opened and the composition is coated on the film. The film is then projected, rewound and ejected. If the cassette initially contains processed film, the cycle consists in projecting and rewinding the film.

During the projection cycle, whether the film has just been processed, or has previously been processed, sound that has been recorded on the sound track on the film is reproduced, by means of a sound array compris ing a film drive capstan and sound transducer. The sound array is engaged with the film simultaneously with the engagement of a snubber stop that cooperates with a film drive pawl to advance the film incrementally past the film gate.

in order to avoid the howl normally produced when a film drive capstan is started up in a sound reproducing system, the capstan drive motor is kept running constantly at a speed near the speed at which it will drive the film. Thus, the capstan is already essentially at drive speed when it engages the film so that the apparatus begins quickly to reach recording speed.

By means of control apparatus to be described below, the capstan drive speed is initially made faster than the drive provided for the film drive pawl at the film gate so that a loop of film isolating the sound station from the projection station is quicly established. This loop is maintained in a relatively fixed average size by a servomechanism to be described, so long as the apparatus is in the projection cycle.

At the end of the projection cycle, the sound array is withdrawn, and the incremental drive is interrupted. The film is then rewound, whereupon the film loop formed as described above is immediately pulled out. During projection and reproduction of the sound, the operator can interrupt to edit the sound by adding new sound recording, simultaneously erasing the old, and can also return the film for a fixed minimum length, or for any desired length, so that portions of the film may be replayed for reviewing and sound editing purposes.

The manner in which the apparatus of the invention is constructed, and its mode of operation. will best be understood in the light of the following detailed description. together with the accompanying drawings. of an exemplary embodiment thereof. In the drawings.

FIG. I is a schematic perspective sketch of an audiovisual system comprising a replaceable Iilm cassette and a sound motion picture producing and sound editing system in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 2 is a schematic elevational view. with parts shown in cross-section and parts broken away. of the producing and editing system of FIG. 1. taken substantially along the lines 2-2 in FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a schematic fragmentary perspective sketch of a portion of a cassette receiving receptacle in the producing and editing system of FIG. I, taken sustantially along the lines 33 in FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 is a schematic plan sketch, with parts omitted. parts shown in cross section. and parts broken away, of a film cassette in accordance with the invention, shown in conjunction with a sound array forming a part of the producing and editing system of FIGS. 1, 2 and 3'.

FIG. 5 is a fragmentary schematic plan sketch, with parts broken away. of a film strip forming a part of the cassette of FIG. 1;

FIG. 6 is a schematic elevational cross-sectional sketch of a film drive mechanism forming a part of the apparatus of FIG. 1, shown in conjunction with a portion of a cassette cooperating therewith;

FIG. 7 is a schematic fragmentary plan view. with parts shown in cross section. parts omitted, and parts broken away. illustrating a portion of the producing and editing system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 8 is a fragmentary schematic view of portions of the cassette and sound array of FIG. 4. showing elements of the sound array engaged with the film in the cassette;

FIG. 9 is a fragmentary schematic plan view. with parts omitted. parts shown in cross section. and parts broken away. of a blinder mechanism forming a part of the apparatus of FIGS. 2 and 7. in one position assumed during its operation;

FIG. 10 is a fragmentary schematic perspective sketch of a locating pin latching mechanism forming a part of the apparatus of FIG. 7;

FIG. 11 is a fragmentary schematic plan sketch. with parts omitted. parts shown in cross section. and parts broken away. of a locator pn and its actuating mechanism forming a part of the apparatus of FIG. 7;

FIG. 12 is a schematic cross-sectional elemation of a portion of the apparatus of FIG. 7 taken substantially along the lines [2-12 in FIG. 7 and showing a pressure plate lifting mechanism in its cooperative relationship with a cassette.

FIG. I3 is a schematic block and wiring diagram of a cam shaft and associated parts forming part of the apparatus of FIG. 7;

FIG. 14 is a schematic block and wiring diagram of control circuits forming a part of the apparatus of FIGS. 1 and 7;

FIG. 15 is a schematic elevational view of a recording. replay and editing control forming a part of the system of FIG. 1;

Ill

FIG. 16 is a fragmentary schematic view of a portion of the apparatus of FIG. IS, with parts omitted and parts shown in cross-section;

FIG. 17 is a schematic fragmentary cross-sectional view of a portion of the apparatus of FIGS. 15 and I6, taken essentially along the lines 17-17 in FIG. l6;

FIG. I8 is a schematic fragmentary view of another portion of the apparatus of FIG. 15, taken essentially along the lines l8l8 in FIG. 15'. and

FIG. 19 is a schematic wiring diagram of sound recording. erasing and reproducing apparatus forming a part of the producing and editing system of FIG. I.

FIG. I shows the external cooperative aspects of an audiovisual system embodying the invention. The basic elements of this system are a cassette 1. adapted to be inserted in a pocket 2 formed in the outer housing 3 of a sound motion picture producing system generally designated 4. A translucent viewing screen 5. on which projected images at times appear. is mounted at the front of the housing 3.

As best shown in FIG. 2 the pocket 2 has a floor 6 on which an aperture plate 7 is mounted. The aperture plate 7 is adapted to extend into the cassette such as I and there register with the film in the cassette. Light. supplied in a manner to be described. passes through the film, and thence over a path traversing a suitable framing aperture in the aperture plate 7, a cooperating recess in the floor 6. a blinder housing 8, to be described. and a conventional shutter 9, to a lens 10. The lens focuses an image of the portion of the film selected by the framing aperture on a mirror ll, whence it is reflected to the screen 5.

A speaker 12 is mounted in the housing 3 of the system 4 at the front and below the screen 5 as indicated schematically in FIG. 2. The speaker 12 is at times energized to produce sound recorded on the film in the cassette I in a manner to be described. For that purpose. a sound array generally designated 13 is mounted in the housing 3 just behind the pocket 2, and communicates with a cassette in the pocket 2 through an aperture 14, FIG. 3, formed in an end wall 15 of the pocket 2. The sound array 13 generally comprises a combined recording. playback and erasing head l6, and a film drive capstan 17. mounted on a suitable support generally designated 18, and to be described in more detail below. so that it can be moved into and out of engagement with film in the cassette 1.

As shown in FIG. I, an editing control unit generally designated 19 is removably mounted on a stand 20 having a base 21. The control unit 19 comprises a microphone 22 mounted in a suitable housing 23 adapted to be grasped in the hands of the user. and provided with a replay push button IPB and a two-position recordlisten push button RPB. constructed and arranged in a manner to be described in detail below. The unit 19 is electrically connected to the base 21 of the apparatus by means of a flexible cable 24. which may be continuously connected to a cable 25 that electrically connects the remote assembly to the housing 3. A volume control 26 mounted on the exterior of the housing 3 enables the user to select the volume produced by the speaker 12 in a manner to be described.

As shown in FIG. 1, the cassette I is provided with a number of light-baffled openings. 30, 31, 32, 33 and 34. These openings expose parts adapted to cooperate with corresponding parts of the film drive and projection system to perform various functions in the cassette. Thus, a drive sprocket formed on the takeup reel is accessible through the opening 30. A similar drive sprocket formed on the supply reel is accessible through the opening 31. Projection light is at times admitted to the cassette through the opening 32. A stop can enter, to brake a snubber roll forming a part of the cassette, through the opening 33. The opening 34 serves to admit a locating pin, forming a part of the 1110- tion picture producing and sound editing system to latch the cassette in position for manipulation, and to energize the producing and editing apparatus in a manner to be described.

A flange 35 is formed on the upper end of the cussette 1. This flange aids in grasping the cassette while inserting it in, or removing it from, the pocket 2. It also helps to fix the cassette in position in the producing and editing system, by engagement with the rim of the pocket 2.

Referring to FIG. 3, parts adapted to enter the openings in the cassette 1 just described at times enter the pocket 2 through corresponding openings in the side wall 36 of the pocket. Drive sprockets for the supply and takeup reels are adapted to enter through openings 37 and 38, respectively. A light beam for projection enters through an opening 39. The locating pin enters through an opening 40. The snubber roll stop enters through an opening 41.

In addition to the aperture plate 7 described above, the actuating arm of a normally open switch S1 is movably mounted on the floor plate 6. This switch is adapted to be closed when a cassette is inserted in the pocket 2, for purposes to appear.

A foot pedal 42 is movably mounted in the pocket 2 to be depressed by the insertion of a cassette. The foot pedal is connected to an actuating arm extending through the floor plate 6, as will be described below.

FIG. 4 shows, in part fragmentarily and in part schematically, the pertinent elements of an internally programmed cassette 1 adapted for use in the system of the invention. Except as modified in a manner to be described, the cassette may be constructed in the manner described in detail in the above-cited US application Ser. No. 227,080.

The cassette comprises a housing formed of any suitable opaque material such as metal, plastic, or the like, and preferably manufactured in two cooperating parts.

The housing parts comprise a base plate 43 formed integral with side walls 44, 45, 46 and 47. The base plate 48 extends across the base of the side walls, and comprises one side of the housing, The walls 44, 45, 46 and 47 extend at least in part about the periphery of the base plate 43, and cooperate with interfitted walls, shown and described in the above-cited U.S. application Ser. No. 227,080, formed integrally with a cover generally designated 50. The cover plate 50 completes the upper side of the housing as seen in FIG. 4.

When the cover 50 is placed in position, it may be formed integral with the base plate and side walls by Rotatably disposed within the cassette housing is a supply reel generally designated SI. The reel 51 is provided with an upper flange S2 and a corresponding lower flange, not shown, to guide a film strip 53 as it is wound about the spool portion of the reel 51, not shown, to which one end of the film strip 53 is attached.

A sprocket schematically indicated at 54 may be formed integral with the reel 51 to adapt the reel to be driven about its axis of rotation. Access to the sprocket 54 may be provided through the aperture 3] in the cover plate 50 (FIG. I), light-baffled by suitable conventional annular flanges. such as 55, formed on the upper surface of the flange 52 (FIG. 4), and cooperating with corresponding coaxial flanges, not shown, on the inner side of the plate 50. The lower flange of the reel SI may be formed in a conventional manner with a cylindrical axial opening to receive a cooperating axle, not shown, formed integral with the base plate 43.

Initially, the film 53 is in its unexposed state and coiled primarily about the supply reel SI. It is shown in FIG. 4 in the position assumed as it nears the end of its movement away from the supply reel, as toward the end of exposure in a camera, in which it is nearly exhausted from the reel SI.

In its path from the supply reel 51, the film 53 first encounters a bobulator roll 56. The film engages a portion of the periphery of the bobulator roll. shown, and passes therefrom into a suitably light baffled sound recording and reproducing station generally designated 57. The sound station terminates with the passage of the film 53 over a backup roller 58. The film is at times engaged by the capstan l7 acting through the film against the roller 58, whereupon the film is driven smoothly through the sound station, as wiil appear.

The roller 58 is journalled for rotation in the cassette housing. From the roller 58, the film 53 passes through film processing means, to be described below. In addition to the apparatus for processing the lilm in a manner to be described, the film processing means comprises a signal generator for producing an external condition signal on terminals schematically indicated at 59 and 60, to indicate whether or not the processing means has been actuated.

Beyond its path through the film processing means, the film 53 extends through a conventional lightbaffled aperture schematically indicated at 6] and forming a portion ofa film gate in the housing. The film 53 reenters the housing through a second light-baffled aperture generally designated 62 and comprising a second portion of the film gate.

The film 26 next passes over a conventional snubber roll, generally designated 63, and finally passes to a takeup reel generally designated 64, comprising a spool portion to which the takeup reel end of the film is connected, and about which the film is wound as suggested in FIG. 4.

In addition to parts corresponding to those parts described in connection with the supply reel 51, the takeup reel 64 comprises an external upper flange 65 protruding beyond the maximum radius of the film 53 when substantially stored on the takeup reel, On the flange 65 is formed a suitable drive sprocket 66, by means of which the film can be selectively advanced in a manner to be described.

The bobulator may be of any conventional construc tion sutiable for the performance of the known function of isolating the film drive pawl associated with the camera from the inertia ofthe supply reel 51. However. it is preferably of the form shown. in which the bobulator roll 56 is journalled on a pin 70 for rotation by the film.

The pin 70 is formed integral with a support 71 of plastic or the like. The support 7l is journalled to the base plate 43 by means of a pin 72 formed integral with the base plate. and biased by a spring 73 formed inte gral with the support 71. The spring 73 acts against a post 74 formed integral with the base plate 43. The bobulator roll 56 can thus both rotate about the pin 70, and move backwards and forwards in the directions of the double arrow. shown in FIG. 4.

The bobulator roll responds to increases or decreases in the tension of the film 53 by temporarily shortening or lengthening the film path, respectively. Such changes in film tension are produced by the actuation of the film drive pawl in the camera. and are determined by the inertial forces exerted by the supply reel 51, together with the larger or smaller supply of film that may be on it at any given time. By that arrangement. as the film is advanced incrementally by the pawl associated with the camera. it can rapidly move the bobulator roll against the spring 73 without immediately affecting the supply reel. which can then more or less gradually allow the bobulator roll to relax while supplying the segment of film taken by the pawl. As mentioned above. the film is driven smoothly through the sound station by the capstan 17, so that the bobulator functions only as an idler in the motion picture producing and sound editing system of the invention.

A lighttight shield around the film gate formed by the apertures 61 and 62 is formed by a wall portion 75 formed integral with the base plate 43 and made inte gral with the cover plate 50 after assembly of the parts in the manner described above. An exposed chamber behind the film 53 is thus formed for the purpose of admitting projection light.

The apparatus for this purpose is conventional. and will only briefly be described. In short. it comprises a prism generally designated 76 and comprising a mirror. not shown. but disposed at 45 to the plane of FIG. 4. As schematically indicated. the prism 76 is mounted between extensions 77 formed on the wall 75.

Light enters the cassette through the port 32 formed in the cover plate 50 in directions normal to the plane of FIG. 4. The mirror in the prism 76 directs this light downwardly through the film 53 in the film gate for the projection of images on the film through the lens I (FIG. 2).

Also disposed in the chamber bounded by the wall member 75 and the film passng through the film gate is a conventional pressure plate 78, located between the prism and the film. and biased by a spring 79 into engagement with the film. The spring 79 is supported and retained by suitably shaped extensions of the sup port wall 75, as shown.

The pressure plate serves in the conventional manner to cooperate with a camera. by locating the focal plane of the film during exposure. An aperture. not shown, is provided in the pressure plate 78, to pass light entering through the prism assembly 76 through a selected frame of the film 53, after the film is processed in a manner to be described. It is preferred that the aperture in the pressure plate be somewhat larger than the frame to be projected so that the aperture in the aperture plate 7 (FIGS. 2 and 3) serves the limiting aperture bounding the projected frame.

The snubber roll 63 may also be of entirely conventional construction. As illustrated. it is provided with a hub portion schematically indicated at 82 that is adapted to protrude through the (suitably light-baffled) aperture 33 in the cover panel 50 for engagement by a stop member. comprising a part of either the camera or of the motion picture producing and editing system. The stop member engages the snubber roll when the film is to be incrementally advanced by a pawl for exposure or projection purposes. The cooperation be tween the snubber roll 63 and the takeup reel 64 is conventional. but will be briefly described.

The drive sprockets 54 and 66 of the supply and takeup reels 5] and 64. respectively. are adapted to be engaged by corresponding drive sprockets comprising a part of a camera. or of the producing and editing apparatus to be described. In the producing and editing apparatus. both supply and takeup reels are adapted to be driven through slip clutches. In the camera. only a drive for the takeup reel need be provided. This drive comprises a slip clutch connected to a sprocket driving the takeup reel drive sprocket 65, in cooperation with a drive pawl for sequentially engaging a series of the sprocket holes 38 formed in the film 26, along a portion of the edge of the film in the film gate between the ap ertures and 61.

When the snubber roll 62 is stopped by engagement of the hub 82 as described above. operation of either the camera or of the production and editing system to incrementally advance the film towards the takeup reel. by engagement of a pawl with the sprocket holes in the film 26. will momentarily loosen the film from engagement with the stationary snubber roll 62 and allow the slip clutch driving the takeup reel 63 to takeup that increment of the film advanced by the pawl. Between engagements of the pawl, the slip clutch prevents the takeup reel from advancing the film.

In the production and editing system to be described. the snubber roll 63 is engaged only while the film is to be incrementally advanced onto the takeup reel. When the film is rewound onto the supply reel, the snubber roll 63 is disengaged and acts as an idler. As will appear. that may occur either during the processing of the film while rewinding, or during subsequent rewinding of the processed film after projection.

The film processing means may be as described in the above-cited US. application Ser. No. 227,080, except as modified in a manner to be described. As shown in FIG. 4, the apparatus generally comprises wall means comprising portions of. or formed integral with. the base plate 43 and the cover plate 50, which serve to guide, support and house the various elements of the processing apparatus to be described. These walls form an outer film composition containing housing generally designated 83, defining a chamber in which there is mounted an initially sealed container of processing composition as fully described in the above-cited US. application Ser. No. 227,080. The container 83 communicates with a coating nozzle generally designated 85. These elements are mounted above the plane of the film 53.

Principally located below, but in part surrounding. the film 53 is a pressure pad generally designated 86. The pressure pad is acted on by a spring. generally designated 87, as fully described in the above-cited U.S. application Ser. No. 227,080.

The basic elements of the processing station further comprise a combined metallic pressure pad deflection can and nozzle closure valve assembly generally designated 88, and the pair of electrical terminals 59 and 60 mentioned above. The terminals 59 and 60 are bridged by the valve assembly 88 before the film is processed to provide a low impedance electrical signal. The valve assembly 88 is moved after the film is processed to open the circuit path between the terminals 59 and 60 to produce a high impedance between the terminals 12 thereafter, as fully described in application Ser. No. 227,080.

A pod of processing composition within the container 83 is initially sealed by one end of a tear-tab generally designated 89. The tear-tab 89 extends from sealing engagement with the plastic pod of processing composition in the container 83, out through a suitable slot in the container 83, and over a roller 90 in the cassette housing to an end 91 connected to a release arm generally designated 92.

The release arm 92 may be formed of thin sheet spring metal, bent over at one end 93 to form a hook adapted to engage one of a set of teeth 94 formed on the flange 52, and corresponding teeth formed on the lower flange of the supply reel 51. The arm 92 is secured at one end to a pin 95 that is adapted to slide in curved guide slots such as 96, one formed in the base plate 43, and the other, not shown, in the cover plate 50. A hook 97 on the release arm 92 extends through a suitable aperture in the tear-tab 91. When the supply reel is rotated counterclockwise as seen in FIG. 4, as during exposure of the film in the camera, the hook 93 formed on the arm 92 is not engaged by the teeth 94, but is simply brushed up into engagement with a fixed support 98 secured to the base plate 43. On the other hand, when the supply reel 51 is first rotated clockwise as seen in FIG. 4, as to rewind the film on the supply reel, one of the teeth 94 catches the hook 93 and drives the arm 92 downward under the guidance of the slots 96, pulling the tear-tab 89 partly out of the container 83 and releasing the processing composition in the manner fully described in the above-cited copending application Ser. No. 227,080. The arm 92 will carry the tear-tab down until it is moved out of engagement with the supply reel 51 as the slot 96 diverges from the path of the teeth 94. This arrangement replaces the more complex mechanism described in the cited application Ser. No. 227,080, and relies on the fact that once the film is exposed, it will not be rewound on the supply reel until it is desired to process it.

As indicated, the end wall 44 of the cassette 1 is mod ified by the provision of a first aperture 99, adapted to receive the sound head 16, and a second aperture 100, adapted to admit the capstan l7 and to permit the escape of a small loop of film in a manner to be de scribed. A container 83 and walls such as 75 in the lower side of the cassette housing serve as light shields for the openings 99 and 100 over that region of the eassette. Additional light baffles suggested as ribs 101 and wall 102 defining the upper end of the sound station 57 serve to provide light baffles for film beyond that station in the upper directions.

A backup spring generally designated 102 is mounted behind the film in the sound station 57. The spring is formed with one end bent over as indicated at 103 and there secured to the base plate 43. An extending arm 104 of the spring carries a pair of raised film engaging portions 105 and 106 that serve to receive and support the film 53 as the head 16 is moved into engagement with it in a manner to be described, Spacing of the raised portions and 106 causes a desirable partial warpping of the film 53 around the sound head 16.

As in the photographic system described in US. application Ser. No. 227,080, the system of the invention makes use ofa photofinishing process in which the strip of film 53, following exposure in the camera, is contacted with a single processing composition to form a finished transparency from the latent image or images formed on the film during its exposure. In order to provide sound recording and reproducing capabilities, a magnetic sound track is provided along one or both edges of the film, as will next be described with reference to FIG. 5.

As shown in FIG. 5, the film strip 53 comprises a leader 110 terminating at an end formed with an aperture such as 111. The aperture 14 serves to connect that end of the film to the takeup reel 64.

Behind the leader, which may be in the neighborhood of 18 inches in length, there is a strip 112 of photo graphically useful film, upon which projectable images may be formed. The strip 1 12 may be, for example, approximately 50 feet in length for 8 mm film.

Following the photographically useful portion of the film is a trailer region generally designated 113. The trailer 113 terminates at another end formed with an aperture 114 by means of which that end of the film is adapted to be connected to the supply reel 51.

The film 53 may comprise a base of any suitable transparent material of the kind conventionally used for film bases. On this base is applied, at least over the central portion of the photographically usable length of the film 112, an emulsion comprising a photosensitive coating, whereon a series of latent images illustrated by a series extending from a first frame 115 to a last frame 116 may be formed with a camera. The photosensitive coating is preferably of one of the forms, next to be described, which can subsequently be processed to form a projectable image on the film base.

Photosensitive coatings usable in the practice of the invention may be of any conventional variety adapted to be developed by a monobath processing composition to form a positive transparency suitable for projection. In particular, a currently preferred embodiment of the invention makes use of a film structure, which, upon the base, comprises a photosensitive layer including both a photosensitive negative emulsion and an imagereceiving layer to which a positive image may be transferred by diffusion during development without necessitating the subsequent removal of the emulsion con taining its developed negative image. This highly desirable feature is made possible by a developed negative image having low covering power.

In typical silver transfer reversal processes for the projection of black and white images, a silver halide developer and a silver halide solvent are applied in an aqueous alkaline solution to a photoexposed silver halide emulsion stratum, where they develop exposed silver halide to siiver, and react with unreduced silver halide to form a soluble silver complex. This complex, in order to form a positive print, is transferred and reduced to silver on a silver-receptive stratum upon which the silver halide stratum has been superposed.

In one practice, in the completion of this process, the silver-receptive and silver halide strata have been separated in order to render the positive print visible. However, as indicated above, the positive print may be rendered visible without separation of the silver halide and the silver-receptive strata. For example, the silverreceptive stratum may be so constructed as to provide an unusually vigorous silver precipitating environment which causes the silver deposited upon it, in comparison with silver developed in the silver halide stratum, to possess very high covering power, i.e., opacity for a given mass of reduced silver. If the silver halide is in such a concentration as to give rise only when fully developed to a predetermined low maximum density, and if the silver complex is reduced to silver in a vigorous silver precipitating environment, the resulting negative and positive prints in superposition provide a composite print that presents a good image for projection purposes so long as they are contained on a transparent support. Since the silver halide stratum and the silverreceptive stratum need not be separated, an overall simplification of the silver transfer reversal process is achieved.

A composite film assembly of this type, as well as processing compositions for producing a fully developed black and white image without the necessity of removing the developed negative image after processing, are shown in US. Pat. No. 2,861,885 to Edwin H. Land, which issued on Novv 25, 1958, for Photographic Processes and Products. Other composite film assemblies capable of producing developed full color images without the necessity of removing the developed emulsion are shown in U.S. Pats. of Edwin H. Land, Nos, 2,726,154, issued Dec. 6, i955, for Photographic Product, and 2,944,894, issued July 12, 1960, for Photographic Processes Utilizing Screen Members.

It should be noted that the invention is not directed to the chemistry by which images are developed in a photosensitive emulsion and transferred to an image receiving stratum. However, in the practice of the invention, whether the film employed is black and white or color film, at the present time the preferred embodi ment of the invention employs film of a type not requiring the removal of a negative emulsion after it is developed.

Referring again to FIG. 4, the film 53 is formed along one edge with sprocket holes such as 117 at regular intervals adapted to cooperate with a drive pawl, in a manner to be described, in either camera or projector, for incremental advancement of the film. The series of sprocket holes 117 adjacent the trailing end of the film may be interrupted by a first elongated sprocket hole 118. This elongated hole 118 may span, for example, two of the sprocket holes 117.

Further along the film in the direction of the supply reel end. the series of sprocket holes 117 is again interrupted by a second elongated sprocket hole 119, longer than the sprocket hole 118 and, for example, spanning three of the sprocket holes 117. As will appear, the first elongated sprocket hole 118 establishes an exposure end point in the camera, whereas the second sprocket hole 119 determines a film takeup termination point in the producing and editing apparatus to be described.

Basically. termination of film advance at the first elongated sprocket hole 118 is attained by the use of a single drive pawl in the camera, which sequentially engages the sprocket holes 117 to advance the film by one frame length in a conventional manner. Toward the end of each such advance stroke, as is conventional, the pawl is cammed down out of engagement with the film. When the single pawl engages the elongated aperture 118, the camming down movement occurs before the film engages the leading edge of the elongated hole. The pawl may cycle repeatedly thereafter without further advance of the film. This serves to effect a termination of film advance for the purposes of exposure adjacent the end of the region of photographically useful emulsion, to alert the photographer, by the somewhat different sound produced when the pawl skips the film, that his cassette should be replaced.

The film drive system for projection purposes is provided with a double pawl, comprising two integral pawls spaced apart by one frame length, each pawl being of the same shape as the single pawl in the camera. When the first elongated aperture 118 is encountered, the leading pawl of the pair serves to engage the leading edge of the aperture 118 to cause the film to be advanced without interruption. For normally spaced sprocket holes 117, both of the pawls engage the film in sequential sprocket holes. However. when the second elongated sprocket hole 119 is encountered. the pawls will pass through it without film engagement, and thereby terminate film advance in the same manner as did the single pawl upon engagement of the double length sprocket hole 118.

Formed on the trailing end 113 of the film 53, beyond the exposure advance termination portion just described in the direction of the supply reel end of the film 53, is a detent engaging element here shown as an aperture 120 formed in the film, adjacent which a projecting bump 121 is formed, as by pressure, heat and pressure, or the like. The edge of the bump 121 forms a hook adapted to engage a detent in the form of a process control actuating element, to be described, as the film is moved with respect to the detent in the direction of the takeup reel.

Formed on the leader end 110 of the film 53 is another detent engaging means, here shown as an aperture 124 in the central region of the film. This aperture serves to actuate the valve member 88 forming a part of the processing apparatus described above, for purposes to appear.

Formed on the sides of the film 53, on the base side opposite the side on which the emulsion is coated, are a pair of side rails 122 and 123. At least the rail 123 is coated with a conventional ferromagnetic recording medium so that the rail 123 serves as a soundtrack for recording and reproduction. The rails 122 and 123 protrude slightly above the surface of the film 53, and serve two basic purposes in the system of the invention. First, when the fluid is processed as to be described, it is initially wet over the useful emulsion region as it is transferred from the processing station to the supply reel. The rails serve to keep the wet surfaces of the emulsion from contacting the dry base surface of the film as it is wound on the reel. The use of the rail 123 as a recording surface also makes it possible to maintain contact between the sound track and the transducer head without exerting pressure on the emulsion side of the film.

A capstan wear pad 125, of plastic or the like, is preferably cemented to the trailing end 113 of the film behind the bump, on the side where the rails 122 and 123 are located. This wear pad 125 prevents the capstan 17 from wearing a hole through the film 53 under conditions to be described.

The manipulation of the film in the cassette 1 to process it after it has been exposed is fully described in the above-cited copending application Ser. No. 227,080.

However, in order to visualize this process in conjunction with the sound recording and reproducing features of the system of the invention, it will next be briefly described with reference to FIGS. l-S.

Referring to FIG. 4, it will be assumed that an initially unexposed strip of film 53 stored primarily on the supply reel 51 has been exposed in a camera, so that it has been advanced onto the takeup reel 64 to the exposure termination point determined by the first elongated sprocket hole 118 in the film (FIG. The tear-tab 89 and its release mechanism will be in the positions shown in FIG. 4, with the hook 93 against the stop 98.

Next, assume that operation is continued by further rotation of the takeup reel 64 counterclockwise, as seen in FIG. 4, to bring the film 53 farther onto the takeup reel. During this rotation, the supply reel 51 will move counterclockwise in FIG. 5, causing the teeth 94 to pass the hook 93 without effective engagement therewith.

FIG. 4 shows the parts of the coating station in their initial position, which is maintained during exposure of the film and during a portion of the first increment of motion just described, from the exposure termination point toward the second termination point in which the film is substantially exhausted from the supply reel, and in which the second elongated sprocket hole 119 in FIG. 5 will be encountered. During the interval of travel between those positions, and prior thereto, the cam and nozzle closure plate assembly 88 is detachably held in place in the manner described in copending US. application Ser. No. 227,080, and a film engaging hook 142 formed on the assembly 88 is lightly engaging the base of film 53.

The pressure pad 86 is initially held in place by engagement of an integrally formed hook 143 with a detent formed on the end of the spring 87. In that position, the end of the pressure pad 86 lightly engages the base of the film 53 and ears 144 formed on the pressure pad are in engagement with a ledge formed on a wall segment 145 formed integrally with the wall 75.

The parts of the coating station will remain in the position shown in FIG. 4 until, during the further advance of the film 53 towards the takeup reel, the film engaging bump I21 approaches and engages the end of the pressure pad 86. When that occurs, near the second termination point established by the second elongated hole 119 in the film (FIG. 5), the bump 121 will move the pressure pad to the left in FIG. 4, to a position in which the ears 144 have moved out of engagement with the ledge on the wall 145, and upwardly under the influence of the spring 87. The pressure pad 86 will swing up into engagement with the film 26 and carry the emulsion side of the film into coating engagement with the nozzle 85, as described in the above-cited copending application Ser. No. 227,080.

Next, assume that the first rewind operation is begun, by rotating the supply reel 51 clockwise in FIG. 4, to advance the teeth such as 94 towards the book 93 on the release arm 92. Further clockwise movement of the reel 51 will cause the teeth 94 to drive the release arm 92 downwardly and to the left in FIG. 4, pulling the tear-tab 89 to release processing composition to the coating nozzle 85. The composition will then be uniformly coated on the emulsion side of the film 53.

The coating operation will continue as the film is rewound onto the supply reel until the processing composition is substantially exhausted, and the film is stored substantially all on the supply reel 51. Toward the end of that operation, the aperture 124 (FIG. 5) will approach and engage the hook finger 142 formed on the valve and cam assembly 88.

As the film 53 continues to move onto the supply reel, engagement of the aperture 124 in the film with the spring arm 142 will carry the cam and valve member 88 to the right of the position shown in FIG. 4, bringing cams formed on the member 88 into contact with the pressure pad 86 in the region of the ears 144, with the cam assembly 88 being guided by the ears 144, as the assembly 88 moves to the nozzle closing position.

Movement in this direction will continue to move the asesrnbly 88 to the right, it goes to a position in which the end of the valve assembly 88 closes the nozzle 85. The cam assembly 88 and pressure pad 86 are then latched in a final position as described in application Ser. No. 227,080.

During its movement from the position shown in FIG. 4 to the final position just described, the cam and valve assembly 88 disengages the contacts 59 and 60. and thus provides a signal indicating that the film has been processed.

FIG. 6 schematically illustrates the film advance pawl mechanism in operative relation to the film 53 in a cassette I inserted in the pocket 2 of the producing and editing system (FIG. 3), with the film gate in registry with the aperture plate 7. The apparatus comprises a pair of film drive pawls 127 and 128 formed on a lever generally designated 129. The pawls I27 and 128 are adapted to engage sequential sprocket holes 117, to ad vance the film incrementally. For that purpose, the lever 129 is pivoted as indicated at 130 to a crank arm 131. The crank arm 131 is fixed to a shaft 132 that is at times driven synchronously by an AC motor, to be described.

As shown, the lever I29 passes through a suitable aperture 133 formed in the floor plate 6, and thence through a slot 134 in the aperture plate 7 into engagement with the film. An end 135 formed on the lever 129 rides on a pin 136 secured to the floor plate 6. Thus, as the crank I29 rotates, the pawl 127 and 128 drive the film 53- to the left in FIG. 6 until they are brought down out of engagement with the film in response to rotation of the crank arm 129. Thereafter, the pawls are brought up beneath the plane of the film, as suggested by the dotted lines in FIG, 6, back to a position in which they can engage the next pair of sprocket holes 117, and then undergo another advance stroke.

A projection 137 formed on an extension 138 of the hub of the crank arm 131 is adapted to releasably engage a detent 139 urged against the hub 138 by a spring 140 compressed between the detent 139 and a fixed support 141. That causes the pawl to stop in the dotted line position, out of engagement with the film, when the drive for the shaft 132 is disengaged in a manner to be described.

As described above, when the pawls 127 and I28 en gage an elongated sprocket hole such as 118 in FIG 4, the film will continue to be advanced. However, when a more elongated sprocket hole, such as 119 in FIG. 5, is encountered, having a spacing equal to three of the sprocket holes 117, both pawls 127 and 128 will fail to engage the film, and film advance will cease, even though the shaft 132 continues to rotate.

Further details of the motion picture producing and sound editing system will next be described with reference first to FIG. 7. As there shown, the pocket 2 that is adapted to receive the cassette described above is, in part, formed in the housing 3 by two walls described above; i.e., the floor plate 6 and the wall 36 normal thereto. through which certain cooperating parts of the system extend. The pocket 2 is further defined by an end wall 148 and a side wall 149 opposite the wall 36. As described above in connection with FIG. 3, there is an end wall segment 15, not shown in P16. 7, opposite the end wall 148. Along the wall 149 are mounted a pair of suitably insulated contacts 150 and 151 that are adapted to engage the contact terminals 59 and 60 formed on the cassette.

The aperture plate 7 referred to above that is mounted on the floor plate 6 is shown in FIG. 7 to comprise a framing aperture 152 that defines the margins ofthe portion of the film in the cassette to be projected. Beside this aperture 152 is the slot 134 through which the film drive pawl, described above, is adapted to protrude for engagement with the film in a cassette in the pocket 2. Another symmetrical pair of slots 153 and 154 are formed in the aperture plate 7. There slots are adapted to receive a pair of pressure plate raising arms, to be described, which serve at times to disengage the pressure plate 78 of FIG. 4 from the film 53, for purposes to appear.

A floor plate 155 is formed integral with the housing 3, coplanar with the floor plate 6 and normal to the wall 36. On this plate 155 are mounted most of the operative parts of the system to be described.

Energy for the system is arranged to be supplied from a suitable source of alternating current, such as 601-12, 120 volt source, connected to a pair of terminals 156 and 157. The terminal 157 is shown connected to a reference ground, for convenience, and the terminal 156 is connected over contacts of an on-off switch S2 to mechanical and electrical power supply elements here shown schematically in HO. 7 as a conventional DC power supply 158, and a conventional combined AC motor and transformer ACM. As will appear, the switch S2 is normally open, and is closed by a locator pin 159 when a cassette is inserted in the pocket 2 and the locator pin extends into the cassette to latch the cassette in the pocket.

The motor ACM may be of the conventional shaded pole induction type, having an energizing primary winding with a tap for energizing a projection lamp, to be described, and secondary windings connected to the DC power supply. These windings of the motor will be more particularly described below.

The output shaft 160 of the motor ACM drives a fan schematically indicated at 161, and also drives the input side 162 of a conventional electromagnetic clutch 163 having an output shaft 164. The shaft 164 is adapted to be driven from the shaft 160 through the clutch 163 when a clutch magnet CM is energized in a manner to appear. Another electromagnetic clutch, to be described below and not shown in FIG. 7, is driven by the shaft 160, for purposes to appear.

The fan 161 supplies air for cooling a projection lamp, to be described, and may also be used to supply air to the cassette to aid in drying the film after it is coated with processing composition.

The power supply 158 provides DC voltages for energizing various other elements of the apparatus, as will appear. In particular, the power supply 158 is connected over leads schematically indicated at 165 to control circuits schematically shown at 166.

The control circuits 166 at times supply energizing current for the clutch magnet CM over a lead 167. Control inputs are provided to the circuits 166 by switches and cams schematically indicated at 168, over leads generally designated 169. The control circuits 166 at times provide energizing current over a lead 173 to energize a cassette ejector disabling solenoid SL1. Other circuits, schematically indicated at 174, affect the operation of a film reel drive motor control circuit generally designated 175.

The motor control circuit 175 is also influenced a motor reversing switch MR that performs its control function over leads schematically indicated as a single lead 176. The output of the motor control circuits 175, illustrated at 177 and 178, is supplied to energize a conventional DC motor DCMl to cause it to rotate in either of two opposite directions, in a manner to appear.

The shaft 164, driven by the motor ACM when the clutch magnet CM is energized, serves as the main programming shaft for directing the operation of the film drive, projection and audio recording and reproduction system under the influence of mechanical and electrical signals supplied by the cassette. Auxiliary shafts schematically indicated at 179 are driven by the shaft 164 as will be described in further detail below. A main cam shaft 180 is driven from the shaft 164 by means schematically shown in FIG. 7 as a pair of bevel gears 181. An additional shaft 182 is driven by the shaft 164 synchronously with the shaft 180, to control the sound array in a manner to be described below.

The shaft 180 is supported in bearings schematically indicated at 183 and 184, fixed with respect to the plate 155. Carried on the shaft 180 are a number of cams, several of which control switches, to be described. In particular, the switches and earns 168 are driven by the shaft 180, and comprise a number of elements to be described below in conjunction with FIG. 13. Only those parts are shown in FIG. 7 which are conveniently displayed in fragmentary and schematic form, to illustrate the functional relationship between the elements of the system and indicate their relative location.

Two drive control cams 185 are symmetrically disposed on the shaft 180 and affixed thereto. These cams serve at times to drive a spindle plate 186 towards the wall 36.

The spindle plate 186 comprises a bar of metal or the like, provided with integral guide flanges 187 at its ends. The flanges 187 are slidable in ways, suggested at 188, formed integral with walls 189 and 190.

The spindle plate 186 is normally urged to the posi tion shown in FlG. 7 by a pair of compression springs 191 located between the wall 36 and the spindle plate 186. When so moved by the cams 185, the spindle plate moves toward the wall 36, where it may be latched at times by a stop 192, as described in detail in the abovecited copending application Ser. No. 227,080.

Also carried on the shaft 180 is a program disc 193 formed with three slots 194 disposed 120 degrees apart on the disc. These slots serve to locate program stops, as shaft angles on the cam shaft 180, by engagement with a detent schematically shown at 195. The detent 195 comprises an element 196 adapted to engage the slots 194, and urged into engagement therewith by a spring 197. The spring 197 extends between the element 196 and a support 198 fixed to the plate 155.

A blinder control cam 199 is disposed on the shaft 180 and affixed thereto. It is arranged to operate a blinder generally designated 200 through a cam follower 201 formed integral with the blinder 200 and adapted to engage the cam 199. This blinder and its operating mechanism are more fully described in the above-cited US. application Ser. No. 227,080.

The blinder 200 at times interrupts the supply of light from a projection lamp K1. The lamp K1 is disposed in a reflector generally designated 202 that is mounted on the plate 155 to direct light from the lamp through the port 39, for admission to a cassette in the pocket 2.

A motor control cam 203 is mounted on the shaft 180 and serves to control the position of the motor reversing switch MR. That relationship will be described below in more detail in connection with FIG. 14.

A snubber engaging cam 204 is fixed to the shaft 180. This cam at times drives a snubber stop 205 through the port 41 in the wall 36 for engagement with the snubber hub 82 in a cassette inserted in the pocket 2. The snubber stop 205 is normally urged back into the port 41 by means of a spring 206 acting between the wall 36 and a collar 207 formed on the snubber stop.

A cam 208 for controlling the position of the sound array 13 is mounted on the shaft 182 to be driven synchronously with the snubber control cam 204. The cams 204 and 208 may be shaped and orientated, in a manner to be described, so that the sound array and the snubber stop are engaged and disengaged simultaneously.

A drive sprocket 212 for the supply reel of a cassette in the pocket 2, and a drive sprocket 213 for the takeup reel, are mounted on the spindle plate 186. These drive sprockets are adapted to protrude through the ports 37 and 38 in the wall 36 when the spindle plate 186 is driven toward the wall 36 by the cams 185.

The sprocket 212 is formed integral with a shaft 214. A collar 215 is formed integral with the shaft 214. Another collar 216 is detachably secured to the shaft 214 by means schematically shown as cooperating threads formed on the parts. This collar 216 may be integral with a splined extension 217 that engages corresponding splines 218 formed in a cylindrical bore in the end of a drive shaft 219.

The shaft 214 and the collars 215 and 216 cooperate with bearings schematically indicated at 220, mounted in the spindle plate 186 to allow the shaft 214 to rotate in the spindle plate, while preventing it from being translated along the axis of the shaft 214 with respect to the plate 186. The splines 218 and the splined extension 217 cooperate to allow the shaft 214 to be driven by the shaft 219, while allowing relative translational motion between the shafts 214 and 219. Thus. the shaft 214 may be fixed relative to the base plate 155 against translational motion, while rotatable with respect thereto.

The sprocket 213 may be rotatably mounted against translational motion in the spindle plate 186 by means identical to those just described with respect to the sprocket 212. A translational coupling is provided comprising splines 221 affixed to the sprocket 213 and cooperating with splines 222 formed in a shaft 223, in the manner described above, to allow the sprocket 213 to be drivably connected to the shaft 223 while free to slide axially with respect thereto. The shaft 223 is also translationally fixed relative to the plate 155, but mounted for rotation thereon.

The shaft 219 is connected to one side of a conventional slip clutch 224, and the shaft 223 is similarly connected to one side of a conventional slip clutch 225. Each of the shafts 219 and 223 is at times driven through its associated slip clutch. and at other times is driven from the associated sprockets 212 and 213, as will appear.

A vaned ferromagnetic element 226 is mounted on the shaft 223 for rotation therewith. carrying its vanes past a conventional magnetic reed switch S5 such that the switch S5 is opened and closed a number of times during cach revolution of the shaft 223. The switch S5 provides an input signal to a motion detector. in a manner fully described in the above-cited US. application Ser. No. 227.080.

The slip clutches 224 and 225 are arranged to be driven at times by the DC motor DCM1 through means next to be described. As schematically indicated. the motor DCM1 is provided with an output shaft 227. The shaft 227 drives a bevel gear 228. The gear 228 drives a pair of shafts 229 and 230 in opposite directions through bevel gears 231 and 232, respectively. The shaft 229 is connected to one side of a conventional one-way clutch schematically indicated at 233, and the shaft 230 is connected to one side of a conventional one-way clutch 234.

When the shaft 229 is rotated in the direction of the arrow in FIG. 7, the clutch 233 will be engaged and drive the slip clutch 225 through a shaft 235. When the shaft 229 is rotated in the opposite direction. the clutch 233 will be disengaged. Similarly, when the shaft 230 is rotated in the direction of the arrow in FIG. 7, the clutch 234 will be disengaged. When the shaft 230 is rotated in the opposite direction. the clutch 234 will be engaged to drive the shaft 219 through the slip clutch 224 by means of an intermediate shaft 236.

The foot pedal 42 mounted adjacent the floor plate 6 in the pocket 2 will next be described in its relation to the locator pin 159, with reference to FIGS. 7 and 10. As best shown in FIG. 10, the foot plate 42 is provided with a downwardly depending arm 237 which extends through a suitable aperture in the floor plate 6 to a transverse arm 238, formed integrally with the foot plate 42 and the arm 237, and extending over beneath the wall 36 to an upwardly extending arm 239.

The arm 239 extends up through a suitable aperture in the base plate to an end 240 formed integrally therewith. The end 240 is connected to a lever 241. The lever 24] is spaced at one end from the base plate 36 by means of a conventional spacer 242, and is pivoted to the wall 36 by a pin 243. At the opposite end, the lever 241 is formed with upstanding yoke arms 244 that surround the port 40, through which the locator pin is adapted to protrude.

The lever 241 is spaced from the wall 36 at the end adjacent the yoke arms 244 by a spacer 245 secured to the wall 36. When the foot pedal is depressed, the lever 241 is rotated to carry the yoke arms 244 out of the way of the recess 40, for purposes to appear. The lever 241 and interconnected parts, including the foot pedal 42, are urged into the position shown in FIG. 10 by a spring 246 secured to the base plate 155 by means schematically indicated at 247.

Referring next to FIG. 11, the locator pin 159 is formed integral with a collar 250 that engages the yoke 

1. Apparatus for manipulating a film cassette containing a strip of motion picture film bearing a sound track, a film gate for the exposure and projection of successive increments of film passing through said gate, and processing means effective when enabled to process said film as it is moved through said gate; said apparatus comprising sensing means responsive to engagement with the cassette for producing a signal indicating whether or not the film has been processed, actuating means controlled by said sensing means for transporting said film to cause it to be processed when it has not been processed, projection means controlled by said sensing means for projecting images of the portion of the film in the film gate while incrementally transporting the film through the gate when it has been processed, a sound transducer, a capstan, motor means for driving said capstan, means responsive to engagement with a cassette for operating said motor means, means mounting said transducer, said capstan and said motor means between first positions, in which said capstan and said transducer are adapted to engage the film and second positions in which said capstan and said transducer are disengaged from film in a cassette engaged by said sensing means, and means controlled by said actuating means for moving said capstan, said transducer and said motor means to said first positions when said projection means is operated.
 2. Apparatus for sound cinematography, comprising a housing, means forming a receptacle in said housing for receiving a film cassette, incremental drive means engageable with the film in a cassette in said receptacle and operable to advance the film incrementally past a projection station in said housing, second drive means operatively engageable with the film in a cassette and operable to advance the film toward a storage position in the cassette, a film drive capstan, means mounting said capstan in said housing for rotation and for translation between a first position in which said capstan will engage the film in a cassette in said receptacle and a second position in which said capstan will not engage the film in a cassette in said receptacle, sequencing means for sequentially engaging said incremental drive means to engage the film and advance the film incrementally past the projection station and then operating said second drive means to advance the film toward said storage position, and means controlled by said sequencing means for moving said capstan to its first position when said incremental drive means is engaged and to its second position when said second drive means is engaged.
 3. The apparatus of claim 2, further comprising motor means operable when energized to rotate said capstan about said axis, and means responsive to the insertion of a cassette in said receptacle for energizing said motor means.
 4. Sound motion picture production apparatus for use with a film cassette containing a strip of motion picture film bearing a sound track and disposed on a pair of storage reels for movement between first and second extreme positions over a path through a sound station and through a projection station spaced from said sound station, which cassette contains a first roller over which the film passes as it leaves the sound station and a second roller over which the film passes as it leaves the projection station in its passage toward said first extreme position, said apparatus comprising means for receiving and supporting the cassette in a predetermined position and control means effective when a cassette is so supported, said control means comprising a sound transducer, means mounting said sound transducer for movement between a first position engaging the film at a location in the sound station separated from the projection station by the first roller and a second position disengaged from the film, a film drive capstan, means mounting said capstan for movement between a first position engaging the film against the first roller and a second position disengaged from the film, a snubber stop, means mounting said snubber stop for movement between a first position engaging the second roller to prevent it from rotating and a second position disengaged from the second roller, and actuating means movable to first and second positions, said actuating means operatively interconnecting said snubber stop, said transducer and said capstan for simultaneous movement between their first and their second positions.
 5. Sound motion picture apparatus for use with a film cassette including a strip of film bearing a sound track and mounted for movement between two terminal positions over a path in which the film engages first and second rollers, said apparatus comprising a support adapted to receive the cassette and to hold it in a predetermined position, slip clutch means operable to engage the film in a cassette received by said support, reversible drive means selectively operable to drive said slip clutch means to tend to move the film in a first direction toward its first terminal position and in a second direction toward its second terminal position, incremental drive means engageable with the film in a cassette received by said support at a first location between the rollers and operable when so engaged to move the film in increments towards its first terminal position, snubber stop means synchronized with said incremental drive means for engaging the first roller in a cassette received by said support to hold it against rotation when said incremental drive means is engaged, capstan means synchronized with said snubber stop means for engaging the film in a cassette received by said support with the second roller when said snubber stop means is engaged, and sound transducer means synchronized with said snubber stop means for engaging the film in a cassette received by said support at a location on the other side of said second roller from said first location when said snubber stop means is engaged.
 6. The apparatus of claim 5, further comprising control means responsive to the reception of a cassette by said support for operating said slip clutch means to engage the film in the cassette, sequencing means cyclically operable to first, second and third states, means responsive to the reception of a cassette by said support for setting said sequencing means to its first state, means controlled by said sequencing means in its first state for operating said reversible drive means in the direction tending to drive the film in the cassette toward its first terminal position, means controlled by said sequencing means in its first state for engaging said synchronized means with the film, means actuated when the film reaches its first terminal position for setting said sequencing means to its second state, means controlled by said sequencing means in its second state for operating said reversible drive means in the directioN tending to drive the film towards its second terminal position, means controlled by said sequencing means in its second state for holding said synchronized means out of engagement with the film, and means actuated when the film reaches its second terminal position for actuating said sequencing means to its third state. 